Transcript
Biology Placement Test Study Guide Page 1 TSJC Biology Placement Exam rev 11-2011 1/6 Biology Placement Test Study Guide ► Please note: The Biology Placement Test is given in lieu of taking BIO111: General College Biology, or its equivalent. As such, the test covers all of the material in the chapters of the text normally covered in that class plus pertinent lab concepts. Part I of this study guide is a guide for general study and overview of concepts on the exam. Part II is a more detailed and specific outline. Additionally, the Bio 111 textbook can be accessed in the Learning Center (Trinidad Campus) or the Student Success Center (Valley Campus). This guide only helps identify the general areas of study in the class and does not claim to provide all-inclusive content for the Biology Placement Test. PART I: General Concept Overview I. Properties of Living Organisms A. What defines living organisms separate from non-living things? B. Discuss the scientific method and its use in acquiring knowledge. II. Atoms and Molecules A. What are atoms? What are they made of? B. How do we define and recognize one type of atom from another? C. Discuss how atoms held together into molecules. D. Discuss the structure and function of the major types of large molecules found in living organisms. E. What are special properties of water? How do these properties benefit living organisms? III. Cells: Structure and Function A. What are the types of cells found in living organisms? How are they different? How are they the same? B. Discuss and be able to identify the structure and function of cellular subunits/organelles. C. Discuss how cells exchange molecules with their environment and what affects different environments have on cells IV. Cell Division A. What are the processes by which cells reproduce or make new cells? B. Be able to discuss the steps involved in cell division and understand the type of daughter cells that are formed. C. How are chromosomes related to cell division? V. Metabolism A. Discuss how cells acquire energy from food. What are the processes and what type of molecules are required for each step in the process? B. How is energy expenditure different from reactions that build new molecules for the cell to use? C. What important molecules are used in acquiring energy from food? D. Where would you find these processes in a cell? VI. Genetics A. How are genes passed from one generation to the next? B. Discuss Mendelian and modern genetics, and the inheritance of traits. C. Be able to show the possible outcomes of a genetic cross. VII. DNA to Protein A. Discuss how DNA is replicated and what is required for that to happen in a cell Page 2 TSJC Biology Placement Exam rev 11-2011 2/6 B. Relate how DNA structure is related to structure of proteins. C. How are proteins made in a cell? Where does this take place in the cell? Part II: Biology Placement Exam Review Outline I. Introduction a. Science as a process i. Hypothesis 1. Testing the hypothesis a. Variables b. Data ii. Supporting/falsifying the hypothesis 1. Theory II. Chemistry a. Matter i. Elements 1. Atoms a. Atomic number, atomic mass b. Subatomic particles c. Isotopes i. Electron configuration 1. Bonds a. Ionic i. salts b. Covalent i. molecules c. Hydrogen b. Reading reaction equations III. Water a. Polarity of the molecule i. Electronegativity 1. H bonds between molecules ii. Good polar solvent 1. Ionic compounds a. Electrolytes 2. Polar compounds (most biochemicals) iii. Adhesion and cohesion iv. Surface tension v. High heat of vaporization vi. High heat of fusion vii. High specific heat b. pH i. measure of the H+ in solution ii. acids iii. bases iv. buffers IV. Carbon compounds a. Hydrocarbons b. Functional groups i. -OH Page 3 TSJC Biology Placement Exam rev 11-2011 3/6 ii. -COOH iii. -NH2 iv. -SH v. -PO4 2- vi. -C=O V. Biological molecules a. Monomer → polymer i. Dehydration synthesis (condensation) ii. Hydrolysis b. Carbohydrates i. Functional groups – hydroxyl and carboxyl ii. Monosaccharides →polysaccharides 1. Glucose → starch, glycogen and cellulose iii. Functions in the cell 1. Energy sources, structural c. Lipids i. Not water soluble ii. Lots of hydrocarbon little oxygen 1. Largely nonpolar molecules iii. Fatty acids 1. Saturated and unsaturated iv. Triglycerides v. Phosphoglycerides vi. Steroids d. Proteins i. Amino acids →polypeptides (proteins) 1. Peptide bonds a. Primary structure b. Secondary structure c. Tertiary structure d. Quaternary structure ii. Functions? enzymes e. Nucleic acids i. Ribose (deoxyribose) + phosphate + base i. nucleotide ii. nucleotides → nucleic acids iii. ATP iv. DNA v. RNA vi. NAD+ and FAD VI. Metabolism a. Pathways i. Enzyme controlled 1. Proteins that lower activation energy 2. Active site, allosteric site a. Substrate, competitive inhibitor and noncompetitive inhibitor, feedback inhibition 3. Nomenclature ii. Reactions 1. Activation energy 2. Endergonic / exergonic VII. Cell a. Microscopy b. Fractionation c. Procaryotic/eucaryotic cells d. Eucaryotic cells i. Nucleus 1. Nuclear envelope 2. Nucleolus 3. Chromosomes/chromatin/DNA ii. Ribosomes Page 4 TSJC Biology Placement Exam rev 11-2011 4/6 1. Bound and free iii. Endoplasmic reticulum 1. Rough 2. Smooth iv. Golgi apparatus v. Lysosomes vi. Vacuoles 1. Central vacuole of plants vii. Mitochondria 1. Cristae and matrix viii. Chloroplasts 1. Thylakoids and stroma ix. Peroxiosomes x. Cytoskeleton 1. Microtubules a. Centrioles / basal bodies b. Flagella / cilia c. Mitotic spindle 2. Microfilaments - actin a. Cleavage furrow in animal cells 3. Intermediate filaments xi. Cell walls in plants xii. Extracellular matrix on animal cells e. Intracellular junctions i. Gap junction - communication ii. Tight junction- prevent mixture of two 1. Solutions iii. Desmosome - anchoring junctions iv. Plasmodesmata - cell communication in 1. Plant cells only VIII. Membranes a. Structure i. Phospholipid bilayer with proteins 1. Phospholipids - nonpolar tails 2. Proteins a. Intergral/peripheral proteins b. Cell communications c. Transmembrane channels i. Facilitated diffusion 1. Diffusion of 2. polar/charged ii. Active transport 1. energy used to move polar or charged b. How molecules enter/leave the cell i. Diffusion - high toward low concentration gradient 1. Increase rate with higher temp, smaller size or higher concentration ii. Osmosis - diffusion of water 1. Hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic solutions iii. Faciliated diffusion - use membrane channel iv. Active transport - use membrane channel and requires energy v. exocytosis and endocytosis IX. Cellular respiration a. Anabolism and catabolism b. ATP c. Oxidation and reduction i. Complete oxidation of glucose 1. Coenzymes – NAD+, FAD and coenzyme A 2. Glycolysis a. In cytoplasm 3. Intermediate step 4. Krebs cycle Page 5 TSJC Biology Placement Exam rev 11-2011 5/6 5. Electron transport system a. In mitochondrion b. Aerobic respiration – oxygen final e- acceptor c. Anaerobic respiration i. In bacteria only ii. Incomplete oxidation of glucose 1. Fermentation a. Final electron acceptor – organic molecule d. Relation of glycolysis and Krebs cycle to other metabolic processes X. Mitosis a. Cell cycle i. G1 → S → G2 → prophase → metaphase →anaphase → telophase (cytokinesis) diploid cell ii. diploid cell diploid cell haploid cell iii. haploid cell haploid cell iv. chromosome/chromatid/centromere/centriole/kinetochore/spindle XI. Meiosis a. Diploid →4 haploid nuclei b. Meiosis/fertilization c. Zygote d. G1 -S-G2 i. Prophase I 1. Synapsis/tetrad formation/crossing over ii. Metaphase I iii. Anaphase I iv. Telophase I 1. Interkinesis v. Prophase II vi. Metaphase II vii. Anaphase II viii. Telophase II 1. Cytokinesis e. Nondisjunction XII. Genetics a. Dominant / recessive b. Genotype / phenotype c. Gene / allele d. Homozygous/heterozygous e. Monohybrid cross f. Dihybrid cross g. Gene interactions i. Pleiotropy ii. Polyallelic iii. Polygenic iv. Incomplete dominance v. Co-dominance h. Chromosomal inheritance i. Linked genes 1. Sex linked ii. Crossing over between linked genes 1. Gene mapping XIII. DNA a. Structure b. Function - gene defined Page 6 TSJC Biology Placement Exam rev 11-2011 6/6 i. Replication ii. Transcription c. Process of replication i. Helicase/primase/DNA polymerase/ligase 1. Leading and lagging strand XIV. Gene to protein a. Transcription – RNA polymerase i. RNA processing ii. Cap, tail, iii. Spliceosomes (snRNPs) excision of introns/splicing of exons b. Translation i. Ribosomes, tRNA, mRNA, amino acids c. Mutation d. Regulation of transcription in procaryotes i. Operons 1. Operator, promoter and gene XV. DNA technology a. Restriction enzymes b. Ligase c. Gel electrophoresis d. Plasmids e. Insertion of genes into plasmid i. Ligase f. Transformation of the bacterium i. Transcription and translation of the foreign gene
Original URL
http://www.trinidadstate.edu/images/stories/pdf/students/support/sg_Biology_Placement_Test.pdf
Posts
